Sentence examples for mediators among which from inspiring English sources

These processes are thought to be mediated largely through excess production of proinflammatory and catabolic mediators, among which prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is considered a critical mediator in the pathophysiology of the disease [ 2, 3].

It is also characterized by increased levels of inflammatory mediators, among which interleukin 1 (IL-1) is considered a key player in the initiation and progression of the disease [ 1].

Hepatic injuries induced by I/R are the result of complex interactions between various inflammatory mediators, among which, cyclooxygenase (COX -derived prostanoids suCOX -derivedcyclin (prostanoidsosuchlasdin E (prostacyclinen shown to PGIy andritical role [ 3, 4].

The link between injured AECII and fibrosis is not well understood, but it has been reported that AECII produces profibrotic mediators, among which transforming growth factor (TGF -β and PDGF are TGF -βt to planda critical role in fibrogenesis of the lungs.

Fibroblasts can be activated by many inflammatory mediators, among which are tumor necrosis factor (TNF- α), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), interleukin-33, interleukin-13, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF- β), the well-studied and major mediator of fibrosis that acts through SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent signaling pathways [ 4, 7– 10].

Thus, the activated chondrocytes and synovial membranes should be the major sources of the elevated proinflammatory mediators, among which TNF-α produced from the activated chondrocytes or synovial membranes can induce IL-6 upregulation and neuropathic pain in the spinal cord and DRG [ 35].

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01535.002 Viral infection in mammals triggers a rapid innate immune response involving the production of antiviral proteins and proinflammatory mediators, prominent among which are the type I interferons (IFN-α/β; hereafter, IFN) (Stetson and Medzhitov, 2006; Takaoka and Yanai, 2006).

STAT proteins are important intracellular mediators of cytokines, among which STAT3 is generally thought rather to induce neuroprotection than cell death [ 22, 30].

Mice have 23 IRG genes among which Irgm1, Irgm3 and Irga6 are important mediators of anti-T.

The epithelial permeability is continuously regulated by several physiological, bacterial, and dietary stimuli, among which inflammatory cytokines are regarded as major mediators [ 26].

Generally, the production of proinflammtory cytokines was under the tight control of several signalling pathway, among which NF-κB functioned as the central mediator [ 16, 17].