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Altogether, these data indicate that the Rho/ROCK-II signalling pathway is a major pathway downstream D2 receptor for mediating toxicity in ExpHtt-expressing neurons.
There are several potential mechanisms by which dichlorvos is mediating toxicity in C. elegans.
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Therefore, HDAC inhibitors which promote histone acetylation over deacetylation and which were also known to provide protection against polyQ mediated toxicity in vertebrate and Drosophila neurons may hold promise as a preventive therapy in polyQ diseases.
Mutant huntingtin, some other polyglutamine expanded proteins like mutant ataxin 3, and proteins like tau (which mediates toxicity in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias) are autophagy substrates and their clearance can be enhanced in Drosophila and mouse models by autophagy upregulation, which also reduces their toxicity.
Although the basis for the difference in potency between Stx1 and Stx2 is unclear, the B-subunit plays an influential role in mediating toxicity [21] [25], suggesting that differences in B-subunit activities, such as receptor recognition or toxin internalization, are responsible for the variation in potency.
In this study we suggest a possible role of the evolutionarily conserved diphthamide biosynthesis pathway as well as components of the outer kinetochore involved in chromosome segregation in mediating toxicity of S. cerevisiae to nickel.
Recent evidence points to AHR2 as having the primary role in mediating toxicity and altered gene expression caused by PCB-126 in zebrafish embryos [ 60] and the embryotoxicity of PCB-126 and benzo[k]fluoranthene in killifish embryos [ 74].
We would also like to determine if the same pathways identified in mediating toxicity of S. cerevisiae to nickel also play a role in regulating the toxicity of human cells to nickel compounds.
Whether or not this is the case the almost complete rescue of cell death by inhibition of p38MAPK under our experimental design suggests a significant contribution of this kinase in mediating toxicity.
The formation of dityrosine cross-links is one of the oxidative modifications that have been implicated in mediating toxicity of Aβ through Aβ aggregation.
Recent evidence suggests that α-syn aggregation also plays a role in mediating toxicity of complex-I inhibitors [ 9, 21, 48].
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