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Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reactions depend on the interaction of mast cells and DCs [37], and the mast cell-DC interaction is also critical in mediating tolerance to autologous antigens in the skin [38].
Generation of this knowledge together with our ability to manipulate genes involved in mediating tolerance to various stressors including low temperature will lead to the development of cold-resistant genotypes.
The HLA-G molecule due to its many unique features and its immuno-modulatory abilities is now well recognized to play a central role in mediating tolerance to the semi-allogenic fetus by the maternal immune system.
Although cumulative evidence from experimental animal models has demonstrated that adequate apoptotic cell clearance plays a role in mediating tolerance to apoptotic cells and preventing autoimmunity [9] [16], in human SLE, the possible pathogenic consequences of an abnormal interaction between apoptotic material and phagocytic cells remains unclear.
Additionally, the two-component response regulator VraR was suggested to be important for mediating tolerance to antimicrobial peptides.
Given the low frequency of MMR deficiency in MB tumours (likely no one in our series (n=74)), MGMT expression level seems to be a more relevant factor mediating tolerance to TMZ in MB and could therefore have a role as predictive/prognostic factor.
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The concept that Nod2 may mediate tolerance to stimulation of other receptors such as TLRs has recently been proposed.
ABA not only mediates tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, but also affects the resistance to biotic stresses.
Bacteria can also mediate tolerance to antibiotics independent of genetic change, such as with persister states or biofilm formation.
Also in Arabidopsis, miR169 is downregulated by drought through an ABA-dependent pathway to control the expression of the NFYA5 transcription factor, which mediates tolerance to drought [ 27].
One proposed mechanism is induction of heme oxygenase-1, which mediates tolerance to malaria-induced haemolysis, resulting in reduced resistance to infection with non-typhoidal Salmonellae.
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