These effects are mediated, for example, by hypoxic regulation of cytokine release [ 25] and regulation of tumor suppressors and oncogenes [ 26].
In these examples, structured domains mediate specific interactions to form assemblies that serve as scaffolds for further assembly of components of membrane-less organelles.
Genomic proximity is known to enhance coordinated expression [52], [53], which is mediated, for example, by local chromatin folding.
Such regulation could be mediated for example by squelching of a BPTF transcriptional repressor (as in dominant negative mechanisms) by the miscoded BPTF.
Thus, we infer that increased expression levels of VEGF do not underlay the earlier angiogenic switching, although we cannot exclude possible alterations in VEGF bioavailability, mediated for example by increased matrix degrading proteolytic activity.
In our kinase/phosphatase mediated adaptation example, obtaining an exact PDF solution of the CME would be computationally expensive, if not unfeasible, given the explosion in the number of reachable states.
AMPs can be inactivated by extracellular peptidases (Peschel and Sahl 2006; Koprivnjak and Peschel 2011), so population-level resistance, mediated, for example, by 'public goods', seems particularly likely for AMP-resistant bacteria.
However, globally increased mitochondrial biogenesis mediated by, for example, PGC-1α (spargel) would be a plausible compensation strategy.
In general, intestinal epithelial cells are hyporesponsive towards bacterial sensing which is mediated by, for example, the single Ig IL-1-related receptor, inhibiting IL-1 signaling.
In others, compensatory mechanisms mediated by, for example, cholinergic receptor upregulation or loss of feedback/feedforward inhibition, may predominant, producing a contrary hyperexcitability state that predisposes such individuals to visual hallucinations.
