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We next investigated the role of tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tail of the G-CSFR in mediating receptor internalization.
In addition to mediating receptor internalization, β-arrestins also serve as scaffold proteins, recruiting Src family tyrosine kinases to the phosphorylated GPCRs and consequently activate MAP kinases [21].
While these studies highlight the importance of GRK phosphorylation of GPCRs in mediating receptor internalization and desensitization, it is notable that partial internalization of Rog-A was still detected in response to higher doses of spiradoline, indicating that the receptor can be internalized through different mechanisms.
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We have not examined the potential role of other dileucine motifs in the G-CSFR in mediating receptor internalizations.
Ad-HER2-ki vaccine-induced potent T cell and antibody responses in mice and the vaccine-induced polyclonal HER2-specific antiserum mediated receptor internalization and degradation much more effectively than trastuzumab.
β-arrestin1 is an adaptor protein for GPCR, as well as non-GPCR, and it can mediate receptor internalization and signaling to the mitogen-activate protein kinases ERK, JNK, and p38 as well as Akt, PI3K, and RhoA [8].
Rspo1 has been shown to augment Wnt signaling by interacting with the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5 or 6 (LRP5/6) coreceptor and inhibiting Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) mediated receptor internalization [ 9].
The N-terminus intracellular region (cytoplasmic domain) of LOX-1 mediates receptor internalization and trafficking, potentially through intracellular protein interactions.
Ren, X-R, Wei, J, Lei, G, Wang, J, Lu, J, Xia, W, Spector, N, Barak, LS, Clay, TM, Osada, T, Hamilton, E, Blackwell, K, Hobeika, AC, Morse, MA, Lyerly, HK, and Chen, W. "Polyclonal HER2-specific antibodies induced by vaccination mediate receptor internalization and degradation in tumor cells.
Our findings with the Δ716-YTRF G-CSFR suggest that different processes and likely distinct subdomains in the G-CSFR mediate receptor internalization and degradation.
Our laboratory and others have previously shown that the mutation in the Δ716 G-CSFR deletes a critical domain that mediates receptor internalization and degradation [9], [26] [28].
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