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Ferritin is a ubiquitous intracellular protein that stores iron in a non-toxic ferric form and also helps prevent iron from mediating oxidative damage to cell constituents [ 46].
For example, superoxide anion has been largely thought to be the primary ROS mediating oxidative damage associated with mitochondrial dysfunction induced MPP+, rotenone, or paraquat.
In that case, their proinflammatory action is likely due to direct effects of the neutrophils themselves, for example through mediating oxidative damage to the vascular wall.
It is stated that diabetes is oxidative stress disorder [ 18] and hyperglycemia is known in mediating oxidative damage and impairing the endogenous antioxidant defense systems in many ways during diabetes in addition to generating free radicals.
Combined with the highly oxygenated environment of the mammalian brain, conditions may be conducive to the catalysis of ROS formation, thus mediating oxidative damage in affected brain regions [ 7].
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It also displays neuroprotective and antioxidant properties against amyloid β-protein mediated oxidative damage (Frank and Gupta 2005; Hardeland et al 2006), and displays immunomodulatory properties, and thus can play a role in healthy aging (Karasek 2004).
Lipid peroxidation plays a major role in mediating oxidative-damage in tissues.
Oxysterols are highly cytotoxic and may induce cell death through ROS-mediated oxidative damage and other mechanisms [ 48].
For example, Azevedo et al. [ 24] showed that rutin and quercetin prevented thermal and mechanical nociceptive responses in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain in mice by mediating oxidative stress-induced damage.
On one hand 15-LOX-1 plays a role in pro-inflammatory gene expression and on the other hand it has been shown to be involved in central nervous system (CNS) disorders by its ability to mediate oxidative stress and damage of mitochondrial membranes under hypoxic conditions.
Carcinogenesis in general may be mediated by oxidative damage to DNA, due to mutations in critical genes, such as the tumor suppressor p 53 [ 35].
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