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Blander, J. M. A long-awaited merger of the pathways mediating host defence and programmed cell death.
TGF-β on the other hand is known to be a monocyte activator triggering cytokine production and mediating host defence [ 27].
IL-22 is a member of IL-10 family and has multiple functions, targeting epithelial and pancreatic cells, hepatocytes, and some types of fibroblasts, mediating host defence against invasive pathogens [ 12].
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To counteract the silencing mediated host defence, plant viruses encode various viral RSSs [ 15].
The 5-LOX pathway in neutrophils metabolizes AA to LTB4 (leukotriene B4), which mediates host defence and inflammatory responses [ 1]. 5-LOX is activated during the phagocytosis of microorganisms and foreign particles by neutrophils [ 2], which is accompanied by a considerable increase in NADPH-oxidase activity that generates superoxide anion O2− [ 3].
However, emerging evidence implicates some copper transport proteins in macrophage-mediated host defence.
Such effects are likely to be an important component of zinc-mediated host defence.
These proteins are thus likely to play a role in phagocyte-mediated host defence.
Emerging data demonstrate that SP-A and SP-D also mediate a host defence function [ 16].
The application of these arrays revealed microRNAs that may mediate monocyte host defence mechanisms by regulating the TGF-β signalling upon Salmonella infection.
GP1 mediates host cell attachment and receptor recognition, whereas GP2 mediates fusion of the viral and host membranes8,9,10,11,12.
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