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The HA is also responsible for cell entry by mediating fusion of the endosomal and viral membranes.
Hence, for the fragmentation of the ER described above to qualify as a physiologically relevant phenomenon, it should be balanced by a mechanism mediating fusion of ER vesicles.
In order to ultimately resolve this issue, it will be crucial to determine whether the hitherto unknown factors mediating fusion of the outer and INM are equally required for interphase and post-mitotic NPC assembly.
The fusion (F) protein is responsible in mediating fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes and the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein is involved in cell attachment and release [ 4– 6].
Tip20p is a component of the SNARE complex mediating fusion of retrograde COPI-derived vesicles with the ER.
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HIV-1 Env mediates fusion of viral and target cell membranes, but it can also mediate fusion of infected (producer) and target cells, thus triggering the formation of multinucleated cells, so-called syncytia.
GP1 mediates viral adhesion to host cells and regulates the activity of the transmembrane subunit GP2, which mediates fusion of viral and cellular membranes during cell entry.
Along with SNARE proteins, which primarily mediate fusion of cellular transport vesicles with the target membrane, the SM proteins are thought to be central components of the exocytotic apparatus, which are required for membrane fusion (3− 6).
Like other viral envelope glycoproteins the HIV Env consists of two subunits, the surface glycoprotein (SU), which is responsible for binding to receptor molecules, and the transmembrane glycoprotein (TM), which mediates fusion of the viral membrane with the cell membrane).
The RING domain in the proteins of CORVET and HOPS is important for endolysosomal transport by mediating fusion and docking of vesicles at vacuoles, mediating interaction with other proteins and heterodimerization [ 29– 31].
The founding family member, syncytin-1, was discovered as a protein capable of mediating fusions between cytotrophoblasts into syncytiotrophoblasts (Blond et al. 2000; Mi et al. 2000).
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