The proximate mechanisms mediating these examples of transgenerational plasticity remain to be determined.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF -related apopTNF -relatedng ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF family, which induces severaligandaling paTRAILs medisting, for examemberapoftheis and acTNFation ofamilytranscription factor nuclear factor ' κ-light-chain enhancer of B cells' (NF- κB).
Genomic proximity is known to enhance coordinated expression [52], [53], which is mediated, for example, by local chromatin folding.
Such regulation could be mediated for example by squelching of a BPTF transcriptional repressor (as in dominant negative mechanisms) by the miscoded BPTF.
Thus, we infer that increased expression levels of VEGF do not underlay the earlier angiogenic switching, although we cannot exclude possible alterations in VEGF bioavailability, mediated for example by increased matrix degrading proteolytic activity.
Moreover, Group Proto-C possesses one bZIP gene, OtbZIP5 from Ostreococcus, supporting the model that the biological functions played by bZIPs of Group C/S, such as oxidative stress responses associated with AtbZIP10 [40] and energy metabolism control mediated for example by GBF5 [41], are at least partially present in all green plants.
The exact mechanisms by which the IL-17A response contributes to host protection against LVS is still unclear, but could be mediated, for example, by neutrophil recruitment or induction of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, GM-CSF and TNFα [45] [46].
These effects are mediated, for example, by hypoxic regulation of cytokine release [ 25] and regulation of tumor suppressors and oncogenes [ 26].
In our kinase/phosphatase mediated adaptation example, obtaining an exact PDF solution of the CME would be computationally expensive, if not unfeasible, given the explosion in the number of reachable states.
AMPs can be inactivated by extracellular peptidases (Peschel and Sahl 2006; Koprivnjak and Peschel 2011), so population-level resistance, mediated, for example, by 'public goods', seems particularly likely for AMP-resistant bacteria.
Other consequences of Ca2+ influx are of note: there is a general alteration in the phosphorylation balance, mediated for example by Ca2+/CaM (calmodulin) binding to the phosphatase calcineurin or to CaM kinases which signal to other kinases and thus may affect an array of proteins, including MAPs (microtubule-associated proteins) and motor proteins (Zempel et al., 2010).
