The different learning rates and the lack of transfer suggest that the neural events mediating speed discrimination are at least partially independent from those mediating direction discrimination, and vice versa, even under identical stimulus conditions.
The same approach as for the confounding scenarios will help distinguish between these, although, as discussed below, background knowledge is required to decide on the confounding vs. mediating direction of the arrows.
The restriction of the antagonist effect to layer 2/3 could indicate that NMDA-R plays a more significant role in nonlinear intrinsic processing in these layers (e.g. in mediating direction selectivity, see Rivadulla et al. 2001).
Furthermore, we present a summary of fundamental dynamics of carrier behavior in circulation, taking into account interactions with cells in circulation and the role of hemodynamics in mediating the direction of carriers to target sites.
Our data suggest that the function of RAGE in initiating cells is to act as the receptor for S100A4, which is specifically secreted by target cells to mediate TNT direction guidance.
In teleost fish slow phase eye movements for gaze stabilization are mediated by direction selective neurons in the pretectal area (APT) [23], [24], and in the case of chondrichtyans in the corpus geniculatum laterale (Cgl) [25], both areas are supposed to be homologous to the accessory optic system (AOS) and the NOT/nLM of tetrapods.
In tetrapods other than mammals gaze stabilization is mediated by direction-selective neurons in the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (nLM) and the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR), though only the nBOR is considered as part of the AOS [22].
In contrast, activity in dorsofrontal structures, most notably the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), is associated with mediating behaviour in the direction of safer over risky prospects (Campbell-Meiklejohn et al., 2008) and with delaying gratification in favour of superior but delayed rewards (McClure et al., 2004).
In such cases, 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolases, which catalyze the final chain-shortening step in the catabolic direction, mediate the condensation of an acyl-CoA starter molecule with acetyl-CoA in the anabolic direction.
The tracks of Dictyostelium cells are characterized by runs of steps in the same direction made by splitting pseudopodia, which are separated by turns in a new direction mediated by a de novo pseudopod.
This suggests that exposure to natural environments could have automatic behavioural effects, potentially in a pro-environmental direction, mediated by physiological reactions.
