Interestingly, ALDH1A1 was recently shown to mediate cell invasion in pancreatic cancer cells [21] suggesting that it does play a role in cytoskeletal rearrangement.
Third, PI3-K and other components of the PI3-K/Akt pathway can mediate cell invasion.
Together, these findings suggest that Abl functions downstream of Csk and Src to mediate cell invasion.
Implications and future directions These data identify a point in EMT at which OLFM1 and TGFβ cooperate to mediate cell invasion.
Thus, we next investigated whether ectopic Vha44 expression activates oncogenic signaling pathways previously reported to mediate cell invasion and overgrowth in the wing disc (Vidal et al., 2006; Singh et al., 2010).
The confinement of pSmad2 staining to the tumour cells, and ability to inhibit metastasis by blocking TGF-β signalling in a tumour cell autonomous manner suggests that TGF-β produced by tumour cells acts on tumour cells to mediate cell invasion and metastasis.
These findings also strengthen the idea that EMT is a multistep process, and identify OLFM1 as a novel component that acts to specifically mediate cell invasion.
The observation that OLFM1 mediates cell invasion during EMT supports the concept that there is a point during EMT in the heart when additional signals are required to enable cell invasion.
The sporozoite-specific transmembrane surface protein TRAP (thrombospondin-related anonymous protein) is the founding member of a protein family that mediates cell invasion in Apicomplexan parasites (Tomley and Soldati, 2001).
Unlike the HER2-Y and -Y phosphorylation that mediate cell invasion and proliferation, the phosphorylation of HER2-Y by antibody treatment recruited the c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase and shuttled the HER2 protein to the lysosome for degradation.
