Through the activation of different signaling pathways, S1P mediates a diverse set of biological processes, acting as both an intracellular second messenger and as an extracellular ligand for specific cell surface G protein-coupled receptors, S1P1 S1P5 [21].
cAMP mediates a diverse array of cellular responses by activating PKA.
For example, various TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs) mediate a diverse array of events downstream of CD40 and related receptors [30].
The NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1, which is activated by energy-deprivation and mediates a diverse array of stress responses [18], [19], regulates the circadian clock by deacetylating PER2 and modulating the activity of CLOCK BMAL1 complex [20], [21].
Mononuclear cells isolated from AD patients secrete higher levels of IFNγ compared to controls [41] and IFNγ mediates a diverse set of inflammatory responses in animal models of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation [42], [43], [44], [45].
The P450 family is a large and diverse group of isozymes that mediate a diverse array of oxidative reactions.
Cell surface proteolysis has emerged as an important mechanism for the generation of biologically active factors that mediate a diverse range of cellular functions.
IL-1β is a key inflammatory cytokine important in host defence that mediates a diverse range of effects, including T-cell polarization, antibody production, fever and endothelial and phagocyte activation (O'Neill, 2008; Dinarello, 2009).
Plant hormones, such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonate (JA), gibberellic acids (GAs), ethylene, and brassinosteroids (BRs), act as signals to trigger and mediate a diverse array of plant immune responses [ 19].
PKD mediates a diverse array of normal biological functions and pathological activities, including cell proliferation and differentiation, cell motility, regulation of cell vesicle trafficking, secretion, and polarity, inflammatory responses, cardiac hypertrophy and cancer [ 55].
