Adhesion to fibronectin, vitronectin and laminin, but not type IV collagen, was influenced by the inhibitor arginine-glycine-aspartate, suggesting that breast cancer cell recognition of collagen IV is mediated through alternative epitopes.
Figure 1 shows that: (i) possessing two copies of the risk allele A results in a decreased intensity for all probes across the entire ALOX5AP gene, and(ii) this effect is not mediated through alternative splicing, since all probes matching to the mRNA show the same trend.
At present, we do not understand the mechanism of constitutive c-MET phosphorylation in this cell line, but it is conceivable that signaling is mediated through an alternative co-receptor or as yet unidentified c-MET activating mutations.
Critically the extent to which their clinical activity is dependent on re-induction of epigenetically silenced tumour suppressor or pro-apoptotic genes or whether their anti-tumor effect is mediated through an alternative mechanism remains unknown.
In all genotypes, hepatic stem cells were seen to accumulate in response to increasing duration of the ALIOS diet; however, no significant difference between WT and 5αR1−/− or 5αR2−/− mice was observed, suggesting that the protective effect of 5αR knockout may be mediated through an alternative mechanism.
Alternatively, it may emerge as a pleiotropic effect that can be mediated through various mechanisms, such as alternative splicing or genomic imprinting.
The histone-modifying activities of PRC1 and PRC2 are of central importance for PcG function (Endoh et al., 2012, Pengelly et al., 2013), although several studies have revealed that PRC1 also mediates repression through alternative mechanisms (Eskeland et al., 2010, Francis et al., 2004, Isono et al., 2013).
Those cases therefore either require that elastic interactions be mediated through some other structure or that an alternative coupling mechanism be present.
Under these conditions, HIF-1α protein degradation that is mediated through the prolyl hydroxylase and pVHL dependent as well as through alternative mechanisms would be inhibited.
Although not delineated in molecular detail yet, such alternative routes may include vesicular transport or be mediated through specific inter-organelle contact sites [ 39, 40].
The mechanism for steroid action in cnidarians is currently unknown and may be mediated through nuclear receptors that are not orthologs of the vertebrate steroid receptors or through alternative mechanisms.
