Indeed, active Rac1, e.g., by triggering integrin activation and actin polymerization, can mediate the R-Ras-elicited and integrin-mediated spreading of ECs on matrix proteins.
Crack initiation sites eventually leading to the failure of the polymer were formed due to peroxide-mediated spreading of oxidation, radiating from residual polymerisation catalyst particles.
In contrast with SID-1-mediated spreading of dsRNA within the organism, a second protein, SID-2, allows entry of ingested RNA [ 50, 51].
Early structural changes in cartilage are required for the attachment and invasion of RASF [ 8] and cartilage damage seems necessary for RASF-mediated spreading of arthritis to unaffected joints [ 2].
Interactions between protein kinase C, FAK and Src protein tyrosine kinases occur during the integrin-mediated spreading of Lymnaea stagnalis haemocytes [ 71] and robust intracellular signalling is essential to cytoskeleton remodelling, cell adhesion and migration of PAMP-activated haemocytes [ 26, 72, 73].
However, knockdown of Cx43 also reduced spreading in the CD19 positive Wehi231 cell line (Machtaler et al., 2011), indicating that Cx43 can influence BCR-mediated spreading independently of CD19.
Alternatively, in the absence of SETDB1-mediated H3K9me3 deposition, spreading of KAP1 into the regions flanking MERVL elements may not occur, leading to a relatively low level of focal KAP1 enrichment within the regulatory region of these ERVs.
Our ChIP-seq results suggest that Swi6-mediated spreading contributes partially to the propagation and spreading of the H3K9me2 mark at some telomeric regions of S. pombe chromosomes under physiological conditions.
On the glass surface, CLP-Cys-mediated spreading led to the formation of extended and well developed stress fibers composed of F-actin bundles and focal adhesion complexes while on the soft gel surface, less cytoskeletal reorganization organization was observed.
Although both aRGD and the natural ECM protein fibronectin (FN) support α5β1 integrin-mediated cell spreading, quantitative single-cell analysis revealed that aRGD-mediated spreading requires ten-fold greater threshold amount of integrin expression than FN-mediated spreading.
