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Pathogen-induced phenotypic changes in host cells are often accompanied by marked changes in gene expression due to host- and/or pathogen mediated reprogramming of the transcriptome during infection [ 34].
Recent study of Ross-Innes et al. [ 19] highlighted the importance of genome-wide ER-binding events, and presented convincing evidence that specific FOX-1 mediated "reprogramming" of ER binding with DNA in breast tumors significantly contributes to the variation in clinical outcome.
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Therefore, reengineered factors with enhanced transcriptional potency can promote reprogramming efficiency and broaden our understanding of transcription-factor-mediated reprogramming of somatic cells.
Najm, F. J. et al. Transcription factor-mediated reprogramming of fibroblasts to expandable, myelinogenic oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.
To further elucidate regulatory pathways that safeguard the somatic state, we performed two comprehensive RNA interference (RNAi) screens targeting chromatin factors during transcription-factor-mediated reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells).
hiPSCs (BBHX8) were derived using retrovirus-mediated reprogramming of human skin fibroblasts (Rashid et al., 2010).
Using this system we identified both LiCl and high osmotic pressure could enhance OSKM-mediated reprogramming of MEFs.
Surprisingly, we found that BCL-XL increases efficiency of Yamanaka factor-mediated reprogramming of adult PB MNCs by tenfold [43].
However, complete chemical-mediated reprogramming of somatic cells into the pluripotent state has been proved to be extremely difficult.
20, 24 Some studies suggest that miR-302/367-mediated reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency poses minimum oncogenic risks due to self-regulating anti-tumor mechanisms.
Folmes and colleagues [ 19] confirmed that the stemness factor-mediated reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) remarkably reverts mitochondrial networks into cristae-poor structures.
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