Dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity is widely considered as a cell-mediated rather than antibody-mediated immune response.
It is known that endogenous CNTF is upregulated in response to retinal injury, but the effect might be indirect (glia-mediated) rather than a direct effect, since the presence of CNTF-receptors on photoreceptors has not been unequivocally demonstrated.
A number of studies using different selective ER modulators in experimental models of autoimmunity suggest that suppression of inflammation is ERα-mediated rather than ERβ-mediated [ 41].
No effect of BA on the steroidogenic function of isolated Leydig cells was observed, supporting the contention of a CNS-mediated rather than a direct hormone effect.
The present study showed that Ad/IFN- λ activated the mitochondria-mediated rather than the death receptor-mediated apoptosis because we detected release of cytochrome C into the cytoplasm and Bax upregulation but minimal caspase-8 cleavage.
The induction of UCP2 expression by ghrelin may be more rapid than that due to IPC, perhaps because it is receptor-mediated rather than by the release of ROS.
When taken in conjunction with data on the interaction of vti1b with epsinR (Miller et al., 2007) and of VAMP7 with AP3 (Martinez-Arca et al., 2003b), the data shown here provide compelling evidence that the use of folded "regulatory" domain-mediated, rather than of the commonly used short, linear motif-mediated interactions, is the paradigm for sorting SNAREs into post-Golgi transport vesicles.
The previously reported observation of slower improvements in symptoms suggestive of FD and IBS could hint to a primarily immune-mediated, rather than neural, etiology, which potentially relies on the known time-requiring steps involved in clonal selection, migration, homing and peripheral dispersion of immune cells.
