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To unequivocally demonstrate the uniqueness of the viral context to induce B7-mediated costimulation dependence, WT mice were co-infected with MCMV and LCMV.
Our study suggests that while CBF regulation in a multicellular organism can be modulated by a number of intracellular and extracellular factors, genetic mutations that directly or indirectly, affect the Ca2+-mediated CBF dependence can dramatically impair the essential processes such as clearing function in airways, male fertility, or the determination of the left-right axis during development.
Gripenberg, S. et al. Testing for enemy-mediated density-dependence in the mortality of seedlings: field experiments with five Neotropical tree species.
To elucidate the signaling mechanism involved in low-concentration SNP-mediated cytoprotection, cGMP dependence was first examined.
By exploring the effect of MEK/ERK and PI3K inhibition on these RTK-regulated gene expression profiles, we find PDGF-mediated transcription displays greater PI3K dependence, while FGF-mediated gene expression programs predominantly require ERK activity.
However, it is unclear whether loss of ephrinB3 alone is sufficient to induce dependence receptor-mediated cell death.
More importantly, since ephrins and Eph receptors are membrane bound, reductions in cell cell contact after CNS trauma will likely perpetuate a dependence receptor-mediated cell death environment.
Following SCI, alterations in the EphB3 to ephrinB3 protein ratio along with tissue disruptions and reduced cell cell interactions support an environment for EphB3 dependence receptor-mediated cell death to occur.
Interestingly, we found significant enrichment for genes involved in response to stress, chromosome organization, DNA metabolic processes, cellular membrane organization, vesicle-mediated transport, transcription DNA dependence, cell cycle, and protein modification.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with tissue damage, cellular loss and disturbances in EphB3-ephrinB3 protein balance acutely (days) after the initial impact creating an environment for a dependence receptor-mediated cell death to occur.
Our studies in vitro and in vivo analysis suggest that neuronal-specific EphB3 may induce dependence receptor-mediated cell death following the reduced expression or interaction with ephrinB3 in the adult CCI-injured forebrain that leads to reduced motor performance, a phenotype that is reversed upon administration of ephrinB3-Fc or in the absence of EphB3 (EphB3−/−).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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