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The adaptive immune response in AIA is dependent on antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and their derived mediators and, to a lesser extent, is mediated by serum antibodies [ 44, 45].
While SFV establishes a viremia that lasts up to 4 days, even nude mice clear the virus with kinetics similar to immunocompetent animals, mediated by serum IgM [39].
Transfer experiments tested whether disease could be mediated by serum alone.
Li et al. reported that BAG3 could stabilize JunD mRNA to promote growth inhibition mediated by serum starvation [ 24].
In males, an estimated 14.9% of the association between 25(OH D and hemoglobin A1c was mediated by serum CRP.
The high tolerance of cells toward GO is consistent with literature reports and has been shown to be mediated by serum proteins.
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Future studies will examine in detail the mechanism associated with CD26 enhancement mediated by serum-depleted culture conditions.
This association was weakened after adjusting for serum vitamin B12 levels; thus any effect metformin has on cognitive performance may be at least partially mediated by altering serum vitamin B12 levels.
Additionally, high non-specific kill makes it difficult to dissect whether the OPA response is mediated by test serum antibody or other, non-specific factors.
The decreased response of peripheral-blood monocytes from patients with RA was found to be mediated by inhibitory serum factors, because the addition of patient sera to monocytes from healthy controls suppressed TNF-α response in the co-culture assay.
However, some studies using mouse models found that metformin induced insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, which suggested that the anticancer effect of metformin may be mediated by reduced serum insulin levels [ 184].
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