However, transfer of Rpn13−/− bone marrow cells into irradiated Wt mice did not reproduce the KO immunological phenotype (unpublished observations), which strongly suggests that the alteration in thymus size and the accumulation of CD4+ T cells in the periphery are not intrinsic to T-lineage cells but likely mediated by external factors, such as GH.
In isolated thylakoids of lettuce, the dark-induction of the Z-dependent quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence mediated by external ATP supplies has been shown [ 8].
The whole picture of phase competition mediated by both external pressure and composition has been unambiguously established by modeling using both supercell (SC) method and virtual crystal approximation (VCA) method, which sheds light on the pressure dependent glass stability and crystallization behavior of related alloy systems.
This is because for this range of signals, the positive feedback is not strong enough to sustain the production of a non-zero response in the face of the strong degradation (which is mediated by the external signal).
In other words, while the PSTHs are consistent with cortical interneurons driving the observed inhibition (in the sense that they show a stimulus-driven excitatory response), the observed histogram distributions would likely also be present if inhibition was mediated by an external source such as zona incerta.
In an attempt to bring these dimensions together and provide a global definition of MWL, Young and Stanton (2005) have suggested that MWL reflects the level of attentional resources required to meet both objective and subjective performance criteria, which may be mediated by task demands, external support, and past experience.
Cellular activity and behavior are mediated by internal and external cues, which activate a number of small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family (Hall 2005) and thus orchestrate actin filament dynamics by coordinative activation of a number of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) (Pantaloni et al. 2001).
Thus, major efforts are being undertaken in order to understand the process of neural differentiation, mediated by intracellular signaling triggered by external and internal stimuli, resulting in differential gene transcription pattern and neural phenotype determination.
The ion fluxes in both assays were initiated by the influx of K+ from the external media mediated by the K+-ionophore valinomycin.
This communication occurs at several levels: between neighboring cells within the same tissue, between different tissues within the same organism, as well as between an organism and its external environment, mediated by sensory organs (Fig. 2).
Thus, the external coincidence model could be applied to rice: Circadian clock-regulated Hd1 expression and an external light signal mediated by phytochrome generate the specific response to day length [25].
