This review will summarize our current understanding of hypoxia signaling as it applies to drug therapy and toxicity and describe how these processes can influence the HIF-mediated balance between adaptation and cell death.
Intracellular OCT2-mediated balance of salsolinol and cyclo(his-pro) appears to be crucial for maintenance of dopaminergic cell integrity.
The TGF-β1-mediated balance among these proteases and their specific inhibitors seems to be a result of the equilibrium between p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 activities.
These observations raise the possibility that the degree of glomerular injury depends on the Notch-mediated balance between podocyte death and renewal offered by PECs.
As Hipk2 −/− mice displayed a reduction in Purkinje cells, which are mostly responsible for motor coordination and cerebellum-mediated balance, we assessed the motor behavior of six wild-type and six Hipk2 −/− mice by wire hanging and beam balance tests.
We previously showed that in vitro or in utero exposure to TBT can compromise the PPARγ-mediated balance between adipogenic and osteogenic lineages of MSCs, thereby altering the stem cell compartment to bias the MSC population toward the adipocyte lineage (Kirchner et al. 2010).
This finding indicated that the Rhacophoridae MHC class I genes underwent pathogen-mediated balancing selection [ 19].
This greater complexity found in passerines could be driven by strong pathogen-mediated balancing selection [ 19].
Considering the function of ABS, we conclude that the MHC class I genes identified herein are most likely undergoing pathogen-mediated balancing selection.
As would be expected under parasite-mediated balancing selection [ 34], MHC genes in turtles show strong signs of positive selection: Z = 1.983, p = 0.025.
Interestingly, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the maintenance of MHC polymorphism, but, given the function of these genes, parasite-mediated balancing selection is the most likely driving force (reviewed in [ 5, 6]) as recently shown experimentally [ 46].
