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Despite the importance of immune receptors to plant survival, few components that mediate the downstream signaling cascade have yet been characterized.
Because the XIK1 shares structural similarity with the LRR-RLK XA21, such as the extracellular LRR domain, a transmembrane domain that is required for the plasmembrane-localization of RLK proteins, and the intercellular active kinase domain, we suggest that XIK1 might work as a co-receptor of XA21 for PAMPs recognition and mediate the downstream signaling.
The PAK is another effector of Rac1 which works to mediate the downstream signaling of Rac1.
Also, the potent anti-tumor or anti-viral activity of NKT cells may be most beneficial under activation conditions that preferentially favor the development of either NKT1 or CD4− NKT cells, which can potently mediate the downstream activation of NK cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, further amplifying anti-tumor or viral activity.
At the cellular level, three major signalling pathways mediate the downstream effects of EGFR activation.
Thus, CBX2 overexpression might represent an alteration necessary to mediate the downstream epigenetic effect of PRC2 gain of function.
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This finding implies that signaling nodes at PI3K-Akt is important for zebrafish hematopoiesis and angiogenesis, and might be involved in mediating the downstream signals of K-ras.
Caspase-9 then mediates the downstream apoptotic factor activation, such as caspase-3.
Syk is the common signaling pathway of many receptors and also is the key kinase which mediates the downstream cell signaling [ 11].
In our previous studies, no changes in the expression levels were found for the cell surface molecules or for the signalling molecules mediating the downstream signalling towards the release of proteases.
Akt is a key downstream signaling component of the PI3K pathway [ 27, 28], and mediates the downstream effects of mTOR by inducing cell growth, proliferation and survival of malignant cells [ 29, 30].
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