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Faithful chromosome segregation in all eukaryotes relies on centromeres, the chromosomal sites that recruit kinetochore proteins and mediate spindle attachment during cell division.
Morphologically, electron microscopic studies show the kinetochore as a trilaminar structure consisting of an inner-plate, which is in direct contact with centromeric chromatin, and the central- and outer-plates that mediate spindle attachment.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03676.002 In eukaryotes, accurate chromosome segregation relies on specific chromosomal regions called centromeres that recruit components of the proteinaceous kinetochore complex to mediate spindle attachments and ensure high-fidelity segregation (DeWulf and Earnshaw, 2008).
The old method (in which a pressure was applied to the tissue before fixation) did not affect spindle orientation in wild type testes but did affect spindle orientation in mutant backgrounds, which presumably had somewhat compromised spindle attachment.
Here we will review mechanisms mediating genomic instability in MM cells with an emphasis placed on pathogenic mutations affecting DNA recombination, replication and repair, telomere function and mitotic regulation of spindle attachment, centrosome function, and chromosomal segregation.
Centromeres are sites of chromosomal spindle attachment during mitosis and meiosis.
Centromeres are the sites of mitotic spindle attachment and are required for cell division [ 8].
When all the chromosomes are attached to spindle microtubules, BubR1 is deacetylated (or no longer acetylated) because of conformational changes after spindle attachment.
MAD2 is a key protein in the spindle assembly checkpoint by its ability to sense improper spindle attachment and inhibit the anaphase-promoting-complex [ 35].
This dual localisation was maintained also following the spindle attachment to the oocyte cortex; the cortex-to-spindle signal ratio, however, increased at this stage.
Centromeres are genomic sites of spindle attachment that are essential for ensuring proper chromosome segregation during cell division.
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