Indeed, it has been predicted that fragrance-collecting male euglossine bees, as well as males pollinating sexually deceptive orchids, mediate long distance pollen flow [ 62- 65].
Generally, pollen flow mediated by bumblebees is assumed to occur across limited distances (Asmussen 1993), suggesting that pollen movement of L. japonicus might also be limited to within short distances.
Population fragmentation is also likely to alter patterns of pollen-mediated gene flow (pollen flow).
Collectively, pollination by male bees may be advantageous by mediating specific and long-distance pollen flow, and selection may thus favour floral signals that attract primarily males.
However, the pollen flow distance mediated by the bumblebees is relatively limited (Asmussen 1993) and seed flow by water is unlikely because none of the habitats has ever been submerged.
Nevertheless, the results are suggestive that increasing flower size corresponds to higher pollen flow distances, which we interpret as being mediated by the larger-bodied pollinators attracted by the larger flowers.
"Our concern is mostly with pollen flow," she said.
But there's always adventitious presence, which means small amounts of unintentional presence through pollen flow and physical mixing".
Gene flow in forest trees involves both pollen and seed flow, and here we describe two alternative analytical models for pollen flow analysis, PARENTAGE and TWOGENER.
Based on insect observations and rates of pollen flow, it was concluded that pollen beetles (Carpophilus spp ., another potential pollen vector normally highly abundant in cotton, were not associated with movement of pollen more than 1 m away from crops.
