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T3SS-1 and T3SS-2 (encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2, respectively) translocate effectors that collectively mediate penetration of the intestinal epithelium (T3SS-1) [5] or replication within phagocytic cells (T3SS-2) [6], [7].
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Septa are critical for appressoria formation and likely function as mechanical support for generation of turgor pressure necessary to differentiate appressoria and mediate mechanical penetration of the host cuticle [ 72].
The currently evidence suggest this lipid likely participates in key processes by altering membrane architecture necessary for membrane fusion, mediating the penetration of membrane proteins, serving as a precursor for other important SV cycling lipids, or activating essential enzymes.
Along this line, the difference of the two particle materials and surfaces may have led to binding of those proteins, which then may have mediated major uptake and penetration of iridium particles into and through the epithelium.
Cell motility on various substrates as well as penetration of membranes is mediated by integrins expressed on the cell surface.
The penetration of these proteins into cells is mediated by the presence of basic domains termed protein transduction domains.
Toxoplasma gondii is known to use the host LDLR for cholesterol acquisition [19], whereas penetration of cells by Pseudomonas exotoxin A is mediated through LDLR-related protein [20], [21].
The penetration of drain field can cause the interface trap mediated leakage current, giving the degradation of SS value and leakage current characteristics.
The fusion protein of enveloped viruses mediates the fusion between the viral and cellular membranes, allowing the penetration of the viral genomes into the host cell.
Penetration is often mediated by the production of enzymes that degrade wax and cell walls, thus enabling penetration of host tissue (Kolattukudy 1985; Torto-Alalibo et al. 2009).
Even though brain penetration of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors used for AIDS treatment is not mediated by choroidal nucleoside transporters [ 57], these carriers can transport other anti-viral drugs and the anti-cancer drug gemcitabin [ 40, 68].
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