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Some inflammatory stimuli, on the other hand, lead to inducible NOS (iNOS) expression that subsequently generates reactive NO species, which in turn mediate "indirect" effects of NO.
Conversely, although we have ruled out bioluminescence as the total explanation of the effects of quorum sensing on the growth rate of Vh, there remain hundreds of other transcriptional changes that could potentially mediate indirect effects on growth rate.
In an earlier paper [ 6], we have determined proteins that mediate indirect effects between sets of proteins causing five diseases in the human PPI network.
The most likely remodelling process by which exendin-4 may mediate indirect effects on the cardiac fibroblast would appear to be inflammation, which is becoming increasingly recognised as an important mediator of post-MI remodelling capable of exerting specific regulatory actions on several remodelling components, but which preferentially targets the ECM [ 43, 49].
Oestrogen can induce genomic effects through oestrogen-responsive elements located in the promoter region of c-fos (Weisz and Rosales, 1990) and/or c-myc (Dubik and Shiu, 1992) to affect mitogenic activity involving G1 phase progression, and oestrogen can also mediate indirect effects on cyclin D1 gene transcription (Sabbah et al, 1999).
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Plant-mediated indirect effects have now been shown for a variety of species interactions [ 6]–[ 9].
An analysis of indirect effects revealed that homozygosity for any of 4 PTSD risk-related polymorphisms at FKBP5 predicted FKBP5 expression, which mediated indirect effects of genotype on plasma cortisol and PTSD severity.
Others, like Q9Y4K3 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6) are hubs in the PPI network (high nD) and highly central nodes in the IP network (high nB), but even so, they are not mediating indirect effects between the studied diseases.
We illustrate that understanding the role and importance of individual genes highly depends on how to define the network of study: proteins appearing as hubs in the PPI network may be of lower topological importance in mediating indirect effects among groups of disease proteins (in the DPIP network, see [ 28]).
The simultaneous presence of oxygen radicals can generate other reactive NO species that mediate further indirect effects of NO [20].
SP3 and STAT5A again mediate the indirect effects of c-Myc.
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