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Wind may not mediate gene flow in these lineages if their flight speeds are greater than the wind speeds they encounter during movements between islands.
If mean surface winds mediate gene flow, we expected genetic differentiation to be more strongly correlated with a measure of effective distance than with Euclidean distance.
Hence these moths can mediate gene flow when self-pollen is unavailable.
In accordance with Haldane's rule, F1 hybrid females are sterile, but F1 hybrid males are fertile [ 51] and can thus mediate gene flow between the species.
We inferred three mechanistic pathways which may give rise to new thelytokous lineages and/or mediate gene flow between thelytokous and arrhenotokous wasps: (i) introgression from sexuals into asexuals through matings between sexual males and thelytokous females, (ii) the formation of new asexual lineages via 'contagious parthenogenesis', and (iii) 'cryptic sex' within asexuals.
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Population stratification is unlikely to explain for the associations observed, since analysis of mtDNA and Y-chromosomal genetic variation patterns in our study population revealed that female mediated gene flow is nearly fully random whereas male mediated gene flow is highly reduced.
We investigated seed-mediated gene flow, which yields adventitious Bt cotton plants, and pollen-mediated gene flow, which generates outcrossed seeds.
High levels of spatial genetic structure were found among subpopulations, suggesting that pollen mediated gene flow and seed dispersal occur mainly within small distances.
Fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS) within plant populations is an emergent property of the recruited adult trees, influenced by pollen and seed mediated gene flow, selection and demographic processes.
GM maize is reported as "medium to high" risk and oilseed rape as "high" risk for pollen mediated gene flow (Eastham and Sweet [2002]) and this may also contribute to the high number of incidents reported for these two crops, but wouldn't be a strong factor for cotton and soya.
We expected the strongly asymmetric force of wind present in this system to play a role in mediating gene flow among populations.
More suggestions(15)
mediate gene regulation
mediate blood flow
mediate electron flow
mediate carbon flow
mediate patient flow
mediate pollen flow
mediate ion flow
mediate gene expression
mediate gene correction
mediate gene x
mediate gene repression
mediate gene delivery
mediate gene induction
mediate gene transfer
mediate gene transfection
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