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The two major substrates IRS1 and IRS2 may mediate distinct pathways in insulin signaling, and they are not functionally interchangeable in many insulin-sensitive tissues [ 43– 43].
RT-PCR also detected the expression of PR isoform transcripts in the same pattern as was observed with immunohistochemistry. Results of these studies indicate that PRA and PRB both mediate distinct pathways of progesterone action in ovarian carcinoma.
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In mammals, complexes of mTOR with RAPTOR (TORC1) and RICTOR (TORC2) mediate distinct signalling pathways.
Indeed, different bioactive SL species have been shown to mediate distinct autophagic pathways, described as protective autophagy and autophagy-associated cell death, which have opposing functions in cellular life-or-death decisions.
It is therefore anticipated that the Grb2- and Shc-specific docking oncoproteins, and Tpr-Met may prove, upon further analyses, to mediate distinct signaling pathways, and therefore specific cancer processes in IECs.
FLO11 is required for both haploid invasive and diploid filamentous growth, generally considered to be mediated by distinct pathways [ 17, 39].
Apoptotic cell death signaling is generally mediated by two distinct pathways that are connected in a unique loop structure through the final downstream activation of caspase-3 molecules [13].
Furthermore, we provide evidence that mitochondrial hyperfusion and UPRmt are coordinated but mediated by genetically distinct pathways.
It has been reported that BMP signalling is mediated by two distinct pathways: the canonical Smad pathway and the TAK1-p38 MAP kinase pathway (Derynck and Zhang, 2003).
In fission yeast it has been proposed that two distinct pathways mediate Cnp1 loading: a Mis6-dependent pathway and an Ams2-dependent pathway [7].
These results support the idea that Bax and Bcl-2 mediate tumor formation by distinct pathways, consistent with their opposing function in regulating cell death.
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