Given the inherent technical challenges of staining-based immunodetection, this approach allows one to determine only whether or not a certain targeting peptide mediates cell internalization of a phage particle in a non-quantitative or at best, semi-quantitative manner.
Nonetheless, these results, together with the analysis of rosette formation and cell movement at early stages, suggest that rosette formation not only mediates cell internalization, but also contributes to the organization of tissue movements in the surface layer, including those that generate superficial bilateral symmetry.
Developmentally regulated apical contractile flow is an important mechanism to mediate gastrulation and cell internalization [ 3, 24, 29].
Even without hyperthermia the functionalization of MNPs mediated an anti-cancer effect which was highest when the cell internalization moiety and cytotoxic agent were combined.
The critical role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in mediating cell binding and internalization of polymer-coated AdV was also demonstrated by evaluating transduction in HSPG-defective recombinant CHO cells.
The same applies to mAbs conjugated to toxins or drugs, since internalization of a mAb conjugated to a toxin or drug is required to mediate cell-killing.
The peptide can increase the permeability of tumor cells, mediate cellular internalization and extravasation, and enhance deep tissue penetration to improve the imaging sensitivity and therapeutic efficacy mediated by integrins and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) receptors [ 3, 23, 30].
Although GROs bind solubilized nucleolin in cell extracts, surface nucleolin does not seem to mediate their internalization into intact cells (A.G.H. unpublished results).
GMBP1 and its receptor GRP78 were found to be localized in the cytoplasm of GC cells, and GRP78 can mediate the internalization of GMBP1 into MDR cells through the transferrin-related pathway.
