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Autotransporters are known virulence factors in Gram-negative bacteria, as they mediate bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation, as well as adhesion and invasion of epithelial cells.
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Adhesion of meningococci to epithelial and endothelial cells is mediated by Tfp interacting with host cells, promoting bacterial aggregation and mediating microcolony formation [ 6].
Thus, LTA would be complexed to a protein(s) other than M proteins and confer hydrophobicity, whereas one or more members of the M protein family would enhance biofilm formation by mediating adhesion to cells and bacterial aggregation.
Lastly, type IV pili from other bacterial species, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neisseria gonorrhoeae possess tip proteins, PilY1 and PilC1, respectively, which mediate binding to host cells or ECM components, as well as bacterial aggregation and piliation.
"Mucin biopolymers prevent bacterial aggregation by retaining cells in the free-swimming state". Curr Biol 22, no.
Conversely, assays with the 2 kDa retentate of IYD supernatants had greater bacterial aggregation activity.
Bacterial aggregation, cell death, and clotting occurs when simultaneously incubating blood with S. aureus [38-42] [38-42]
The physicochemical forces that mediate bacterial adhesion can be divided into two time-dependent phases (Fig. 1).
Bacterial aggregation can affect viability.
Both meningococcal PilC isoforms mediate bacterial piliation and transformation competence.
To study intracellular survival of S. pyogenes, the bacterial strains were first sonicated (XB2 sonicator bath, Grant) to reduce bacterial aggregation.
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