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The physicochemical forces that mediate bacterial adhesion can be divided into two time-dependent phases (Fig. 1).
Specialized surface exposed proteins called adhesins mediate bacterial adhesion to accomplish this critical step.
The observation of efficient bacterial adhesion to the host cell through IPTG-controlled expression of either PilC1 or PilC2 is coherent with data obtained with strains Nm604a and Nm910f that constitutively express PilC1 or PilC2, and demonstrates that, like PilC1, the meningococcal PilC2 can specifically mediate bacterial adhesion to ME180 cells.
These G protein-coupled receptors could be recruited with other membrane receptors, which mediate bacterial adhesion, to form a signalling complex in sterol-and tetraspanin-regulated microdomains, as schematized in Figure 11.
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An interesting perspective would consist in focusing on the quantification of bacterial adhesion forces using atomic force microscopy in order to extend the knowledge of the mechanisms mediating bacterial adhesion to abiotic surfaces and to develop new strategies for the prevention of the biofilm formation.
For instance, the bacterial protease StcE, also encoded by EHEC O157∶H7, mediates bacterial adhesion [39] and displays proteolytic activity against both intestinal mucins and C1 esterase inhibitor [40].
We first confirmed the autotransporter heptosyltransferase activity of TibC and its function in mediating bacterial adhesion to host cells (Lu et al., 2014).
As well-characterized examples for bacterial adhesion and colonization, the pili of pathogenic Neisseria and E. coli mediate bacterial adherence to mucosal epithelia in a host-specific manner.
Among these molecules, FbsA and FbsB are proteins with no structural homology which both bind to human fibrinogen, mediate the bacterial adhesion to or invasion of epithelial and endothelial cells, and contribute to the bacterial escape from the immune system [18] [22].
To mediate strong attachment, bacterial adhesion complexes typically present extensive, multivalent binding interfaces.
Second, host cell motility differed after infection mediated by each variant since bacterial adhesion mediated through the induction of PilC1 led to reduced cell migration, while the induction of PilC2 triggered no apparent change in the motility of these cells upon adhesion.
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