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Isolated medial elements show a complex articulation with the contralateral medial element in the midline, where each element is expanded with anterior and posterior flanges.
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Old Chinese possessed initial consonant clusters containing -l- as a second element, so Proto-Sinitic can reasonably be supposed to have had the same three medial elements as Proto-Tibeto-Burman: -y-, -l-, and -r-.
Instead, coossification of medial elements and fusion of medial and lateral elements results in single, U-shaped units composed of an opposing pair of medial and lateral elements.
Medial elements, with rare exception, fuse in the midline (Figure 10).
This pneumatic excavation enters and hollows the shaft of one of the medial elements (Figure 10B).
In one case asymmetrical fusion has welded together two successive medial elements (Figure 10A).
Successive rows of medial elements may have been in contact along their edges, however the usual criss-cross relationship between gastral rows in the midline does not appear to have been developed.
In one medial gastral element (fused to its opposite in the midline), a shallow external trough leads to an oval pneumatopore, which opens into a subcylindrical space within the shaft (Figure 10).
Pneumatopores that vary in shape from oval to more elongate enter the external (ventral) surface and open into pneumatic spaces that hollow sections of the shaft of two medial gastral elements.
Connections between the different aponeurotic layers of each muscle were studied from origin to insertion (Fig. 1), with special emphasis on corresponding muscle fibers from the medial and lateral elements.
Gastralia are composed of medial and lateral elements.
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