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For osteogenic differentiation, ASCs were cultured in six-well plates in CCM until 70% confluent and media was replaced with fresh media containing osteogenic supplements, consisting of 50 μM ascorbate 2-phosphate (Sigma), 10 mM β-glycerol phosphate (Sigma) and 10 nM dexamethasone.
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To assess their ability to differentiate into mesodermal lineages, MSC were cultured with media containing adipogenic or osteogenic supplements.
A total of four groups were examined for mineral formation: the cells cultured with osteogenic media, osteogenic media containing 50 µmol·L−1 DA, growth media containing 50 µmol·L−1 DA, and growth media only.
Specifically, for the first 3 days, encapsulated mESCs were cultured in 50% (v/v) HepG2 conditioned medium to generate a cell population with enhanced mesodermal differentiation capability followed by osteogenic differentiation using osteogenic media containing ascorbic acid, β-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone.
The cryopreserved MSCs were then thawed rapidly, seeded onto partially demineralized bone matrix (pDBM) scaffolds and cultured in osteogenic media containing 10 mM sodium β-glycerophosphate, 50 μM l-ascorbic acid, and 10 nM dexamethasone.
BMSCs (2×105 cells/well) were plated onto a 24-well culture plate with osteogenic media containing 50 µg/ml ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) and 10 mM β-glycerophosphate (Sigma-Aldrich).
BMSCs (1×106 cells/well) that were isolated from vehicle-treated, PTH-treated, or Epo-treated 4-to 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice were plated onto a 6-well culture plate with osteogenic media containing 50 µg/ml ascorbic acid and 10 mM β-glycerophosphate for 21 days.
At passage 3, these cells cultures were assessed for their ability to differentiate into mineralized cells by treatment with osteogenic media containing factors that trigger mineral deposition leading to preosteoblastic phenotype in potential osteocyte precursors, a behavior indicative of OS cells and MSCs.
To gain a better understanding of hMSC osteogenic differentiation, we previously used gene ontology analysis of protein expression profiles from hMSC, human osteoblasts (hOST), and hMSC stimulated to undergo osteogenic differentiation with osteogenic stimulant (OS) media containing ascorbic acid-2-phosphate, β-glycerophosphate, and the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethazone [ 15].
At 30 population doublings or greater, clonal cells were pelleted into 3D Eppendorf cultures and maintained for 21 days in media containing factors to promote either chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation.
Osteogenic and adipogenic controls used media containing DMEM F12, FCS (10%), and P/S.
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