This decline is explained in part by continued mechanization, improved mining techniques and productivity, and the switch from deep to surface mining.
All over the Central and Southern states, the unrestricted growth of mechanization in farming techniques caused terrible erosion of the topsoil and left the environment vulnerable to drought (which in turn led to the collapse of the agricultural economy).
Nevertheless, biomass harvests increased, due to improved nutrient availability from rising livestock numbers and mineral sources, mechanization, advances in cropping techniques such as intercropping with clover and in plant breeding (Hoffmann et al., 1965; Grant, 2008).
Advanced agricultural techniques have been developed, and mechanization is extensive for large-scale orange cultivation, dairy farming, and cattle raising.
A new tool for the rigorous and efficient design of compensated multiport waveguide junctions, considering the mechanization effects due to low-cost manufacture techniques, is presented.
In 1874, Greathead made the subaqueous technique really practical by refinements and mechanization of the Brunel-Barlow shield and by adding compressed air pressure inside the tunnel to hold back the outside water pressure.
However, in the last decades the cultivation methods and techniques are subject to profound changes such as mechanization, use of fertilizers and pesticides, remodellation of entire hillslopes etc.
Farmers learn about standards (for example, on chemical use), how to increase productivity (on seeds, farming techniques and practices), new technology (on machineries or mechanization) and even on communication (for example, the benefits of cooperatives, networking, ICT for agriculture).
Throughout the centuries embossing techniques have remained substantially unchanged, although in modern times mechanization has made possible mass production of decorative parts of jewelry, with great savings of time and labour but with a corresponding lack of art.
Because wrought iron is produced by hand by beating red-hot iron on an anvil, not much change was possible through increased mechanization, whereas the casting of molten iron lent itself to improved equipment and techniques.
