Possible areas where validated in vitro based toxicogenomics test methods might play a future role include a) preliminary assessments (prescreens), b) complementary testing that might assist in obtaining additional (e.g., mechanistic) information, and c) surrogate tests that could help in the refinement, reduction, and replacement of animals used for omics-based or traditional testing methods.
Our new framework can be readily applied to any biodiversity surrogate with an established mechanistic link between the surrogate and biodiversity metric of interest.
Finally, we discuss surrogate markers for late effects, mechanistic studies, and the design of clinical studies with normal tissue endpoints as a primary outcome.
Secondarily, this investigation will garner important mechanistic data on PTP and its correlation with other surrogate physiological measurements, as well as the potential value of using relevant biomarkers as biochemical surrogate outcome markers for mortality in ARDS.
Although both statistical and mechanistic elements suggested that AAA expansion rate is a valid surrogate marker of AAA rupture, definitive inference is only likely when using the true clinical endpoint (i.e. AAA rupture).
Here, for the sake of simplicity in mechanistic schemes throughout this review, LAu+ is used as a surrogate of [LAuL′]+ complexes, where L′ states for a relatively weakly bound ligand such as the substrate (alkyne or alkene), product, or solvent molecule.
Optimization of clinical trial design should include the choice of clinical end points which provide mechanistic proof-of-concept and also reflect clinical benefits (e.g., surrogates to assess increased collateral flow reserve, such as myocardial perfusion imaging).
These strategies include modeling endophenotypes of schizophrenia as a surrogate for disease-defining symptoms and modeling putative mechanisms and etiologies (mechanistic and etiologic constructs) in lieu of established ones.
Due to scarce mechanistic understanding of the immunometabolic interface in pediatric diabetes, our aim is to assess if adiposity and surrogate measures of insulin resistance impact T- and B-cell autoimmunity in normal and overweight children with insulin-requiring diabetes.
Currently, in the absence of mechanistic or observational exposure data, environmental-quality data (e.g., air and water) are used as surrogates for exposure for established health standards.
