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Liability rules have been varyingly understood in doctrinal thought, for example as protection mechanisms stemming from the law of torts that involve a collective decision as to the value of the entitlement (Calabresi and Melamed [1972]), or as purely bilateral bargaining based ad hoc rules that allow the concerned party to "take now and pay later" (Merges [1996]).
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Peripheral pain mechanisms stem from abnormalities in the peripheral nerves, leading to local areas of enhanced pain sensitivity.
Two mechanisms for piRNA production have been identified in D. melanogaster [ 2]; both mechanisms stem from long single-stranded piRNA precursors that originate from vestigial TEs.
The combustion phenomena accounted for by the correlation include: turbulence generated by the flame front itself; leading point mechanism stemming from the preferential diffusion of hydrogen in air in stretched flames; growth of the fractal area of the turbulent flame surface; initial turbulence in the flammable mixture; as well as effects of enclosure aspect ratio and presence of obstacles.
Joe Williams Executive Director Democrats for Education Reform New York, Aug. 12, 2008 To the Editor: The current uncritical preoccupation with testing as an education reform mechanism stems from the assumption that test scores provide an accurate bottom line that can be used to account for school performance.
This mechanism stems from social psychology.
Maintenance of the airway protection mechanism stems from the delicate balance between normal mucus production, transport and clearance.
One such mechanism stems from GPHN being present at inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synapses where it aids in the translocation and stabilization of GABA receptors to the postsynaptic membrane (reviewed by Sassoe-Pagnetto [ 87]).
Biofilm cells are believed to possess a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms, however, there are some convincing evidence that the major resistance mechanism stems from the fact that biofilm cells grow very slowly, and most antibiotics are most effective against rapidly growing cells (34, 35).
Another possible mechanism stems from the self-determination theory [ 41], which claims that physical activity may increase feelings of autonomy, competence and provide more possibilities for social interaction, which are properties shown to increase self-esteem and reduce anxiety and depression [ 91].
Unfortunately, there is limited information available to determine the exact mechanism of conduction, stemming from an absence of structural characterization of M2 at low pH, particularly when reconstituted in lipids.
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