Currently, GBE is widely used for medicine in China and showed excellent clinical effects in many aspects, and the pharmacological mechanisms including modification of Ca2+ signaling [ 17], clearing oxygen free radical [ 18], decreasing lipid peroxidation, and promoting the synthesis and release of epoprostenol [ 6].
These mechanisms include modifications to the DNA and histone proteins, the positioning, composition, and remodeling of nucleosomes, as well as the formation of higher-order chromatin structures.
Epigenetic mechanisms include modifications in response to environmental stimuli, and contribute to cell- and tissue-specific gene expression profiles during brain development involving processes such as neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity 14, 15.
Connecting a variety of epigenomic mechanisms including histone modifications, post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs), and RNA editings to genes, drugs, and diseases, for investigating epigenomic regulations needs much more work to be done by translational bioinformatics researchers.
Additional epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications such as methylation and acetylation were shown to be associated with transcription initiation and elongation [ 12].
KLK gene expression can also be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications such as DNA methylation as well as microRNAs (reviewed by [ 166]), which can affect normal cell physiology and facilitate tumorigenesis if altered.
Levels of chromatin compaction depend on complex mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications that affect either DNA, by methylation and hydroxymethylation of cytosine residues, or histones, by posttranslational additions of several chemical groups (i.e., acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, ribosylation, deamination, and proline isomerization).
BPA seems to exert its effects through a number of mechanisms, including epigenetic modification.
Wnt signalling is controlled by multiple mechanisms, including posttranslational modification of Wnts, antagonist binding (to Wnts or their receptors), and regulation of the availability of Wnt receptors.
The same oncogenic effects can result from various epigenetic mechanisms, including the modification of AS patterns.
