Though we cannot rule out that other mechanisms, including modifications to the spiking output of LMAN neurons, LMAN-RA connectivity strength, and the receptor composition at LMAN-RA synapses, contribute to regulating variability, our results suggest that reorganization in HVC-RA connectivity is the dominant mechanism underlying learning-related reduction in vocal variability.
These mechanisms include modifications to the DNA and histone proteins, the positioning, composition, and remodeling of nucleosomes, as well as the formation of higher-order chromatin structures.
Epigenetic mechanisms include modifications in response to environmental stimuli, and contribute to cell- and tissue-specific gene expression profiles during brain development involving processes such as neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity 14, 15.
Connecting a variety of epigenomic mechanisms including histone modifications, post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs), and RNA editings to genes, drugs, and diseases, for investigating epigenomic regulations needs much more work to be done by translational bioinformatics researchers.
BPA seems to exert its effects through a number of mechanisms, including epigenetic modification.
Wnt signalling is controlled by multiple mechanisms, including posttranslational modification of Wnts, antagonist binding (to Wnts or their receptors), and regulation of the availability of Wnt receptors.
The same oncogenic effects can result from various epigenetic mechanisms, including the modification of AS patterns.
The effects of alcohol on sperm DNA methylation need further exploration, as do other epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modification and the transmission of RNA species that may affect gene expression in the gametes and early zygote.
The evolution of gene expression occurs through changes in transcriptional control mechanisms, including the modification of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) (Wray 2001; Gompel et al. 2005) and the evolution of novel functions in regulatory proteins such as transcription factors and cofactors (Lynch et al. 2008; Wagner and Lynch 2008).
Specifically, we demonstrate the importance of macromolecule catabolism processes for resistance to MG, confirming and extending known mechanisms of MG toxicity, including modification of DNA, RNA, and proteins.
