Although underlying causes for mortality from this invasive cutaneous mycosis remain unclear, proposed mechanisms include disruptions to vital homeostatic functions such as thermoregulation and water balance [ 8].
Through various mechanisms, including disruption of cell membranes, interfering with metabolism, and targeting cytoplasmic components, AMPs neutralize bacterial toxins and kill invading microorganisms.
Environmental chemicals might alter TH levels via several mechanisms, including disruption of iodine (I) transport, thyroid peroxidase, TH-binding proteins, hepatic catabolism, deiodinases, and receptor binding (Miller et al. 2009).
Thus, MMPs may affect BBB function and hemorrhage by multiple mechanisms, including disruption of the physical support by the endothelial basement membrane, altered endothelial: extracellular matrix signaling, promotion of leukocyte migration and direct effects on tight junction proteins.
This could be due to several mechanisms including disruption of cis-regulatory elements, interruption of unknown miRNA binding sites, and effects on mRNA stability by the palindromic nature of loxp sites.
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine thought to contribute to mucosal inflammation in the intestines in CD and UC through a variety of mechanisms, including disruption of the mucosal barrier, promotion of apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells, and induction of intestinal chemokine secretion.
We also provide cellular and structural data suggesting that LIS-associated mutations of TUBA1A operate via diverse mechanisms that include disruption of binding sites for microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs).
Mechanisms of teratogenicity include disruption of mitosis, interference with transcription and translation, metabolic disturbances in energy utilization, and nutritional deficits.
Alternative but not mutually exclusive mechanisms recently reported include disruption of Stat5a/b phosphorylation during breast cancer progression through upregulation of the Jak2 tyrosine phosphatase, PTP1B [ 43], or inhibitory signaling to Stat5 by the truncated ERBB2 isoform, p100-t-ERBB2 [ 45].
Possible mechanisms relevant to neurodevelopmental toxicity include disruption of thyroid hormone or sex steroid homeostasis during the prenatal period [ 15- 18], a period in which these systems play critical roles in fetal development, particularly in the formation of the external granule cell layer of the cerebellum [ 18].
