Postulated mechanisms include alteration in blood viscosity, enhanced vascular reactivity and improved vasoconstriction following correction of anaemia [ 54].
Other immunologic mechanisms include alteration of the cytokine profile and activation of macrophages to present antigen to B lymphocytes and increase immunoglobulin production [ 20].
These mechanisms include alteration of intracellular Ca2+ signaling via ryanodine receptor activated Ca2+ stores and reactive oxygen species, as discussed by Powers et al. (2006), though these hypotheses may not be extrapolatable to humans.
Potential mechanisms include alterations to the pain-modulating dopaminergic system and carbergoline, an ergot derivative, also possesses significant affinity for certain subtypes of serotonergic and adrenergic receptors.
Other possible resistance mechanisms include alterations in the proteolytic processing of the Bt-protoxin and rapid regeneration of the damaged midgut epithelium [27].
Epigenetic mechanisms include alterations in DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA [ 13, 14].
The exact pathogenesis of IBS is generally unknown but postulated mechanisms include alterations in gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, bacterial flora, together with psychological association [ 5- 7].
Alternative mechanisms include alterations in drug uptake and metabolism, enhanced DNA repair proficiency, or activation of survival by other signaling pathways such as PI3-kinase/Akt.
Functionally relevant CNVs can alter gene function or regulation by various proposed mechanisms, including alteration of gene dosage, gene interruption, gene fusion, and alteration of a gene's position relative to regulatory elements.
Although multiple mechanisms, including alteration of the Starling fluid flux equation (i.e., increased interstitial pressure) [61] and preservation of surfactant function [52] played a role in PEEP-induced lung protection, stabilizing alveoli is critical and has been shown to block progressive ALI [49].
The intrusion of large quantities of pine litter into native eucalypt woodland may have a suite of further short and long term impacts on native biodiversity through a number of mechanisms including alteration of leaf-litter invertebrate communities, increased fire intensity and changes in microclimate.
