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Early studies on serpins revealed that the mechanism by which these molecules inhibit target proteases appeared distinct from the lock-and-key-type mechanism utilised by small protease inhibitors such as the Kunitz-type inhibitors (e.g. basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor).
Importantly, this class of NMI demonstrates that epigenetic plasticity in the form of differential methylation is a highly conserved mechanism utilised by all vertebrates.
Thus, the use of a Wnt-cad posterior organiser may be a common mechanism utilised by animals in which posterior growth occurs through the sequential addition of segments (Martin and Kimelman, 2009).
Stimulation of AMPK via Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase represents a novel signalling mechanism utilised by VEGF in endothelial cells that contributes to eNOS phosphorylation and NO production.
This suggests that mitochondrial fission, which is often a cellular response to stress, is a mechanism utilised by the cell to segregate and eliminate damaged mitochondria from an otherwise healthy network.
Moreover, transwell separation significantly reversed the immunomodulatory effect of iPSC-MSCs and BM-MSCs on lymphocyte proliferation as well as Treg induction, providing evidence that cell contact, in addition to cytokine production, was the key mechanism utilised by iPSC-MSCs in this short-term, in vitro culture system.
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Thus, the mechanisms utilised by the trabecular meshwork to accumulate GSH remain unclear.
Clinical intervention to prevent any such adverse outcome of NK-MSC interaction requires precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms utilised by MSCs to suppress NK cells.
Identification of downstream effector mechanisms utilised by tumour cells to enhance invasion in this setting could highlight novel targets for possible use in this perioperative period of therapeutic opportunity (Qadri et al, 2005).
Feedback mechanisms utilised by respondents ensured that there was targeted feedback to staff involved with the prescribing pathway and also senior staff with decision making capacity within the trust.
The mechanisms utilised by Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. to induce apoptosis of neutrophils have been elucidated in each pathogen and involve the T3SS effector proteins SipB and IpaB, respectively.
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