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The fixed temperature (70 °C) was controlled by water bath, and mechanical stirring rate (300 rpm) was constant during the whole process (Fig. 4).
In order to understand the copper extraction process and the reaction mechanisms, the effects of a range of parameters during copper leaching were comprehensively investigated, including ammonia concentration, leaching temperature, ammonium carbonate concentration, the liquid-to-solid ratio, air flow rate and mechanical stirring rate.
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The solution of each experiment was placed in a (Pyrex) glass reactor and set on a heating plate with automatic temperature control and mechanical stirring at a rate of 750 min−1 to avoid particle fragmentation.
Numerical results show that an efficient segregation can be achieved, even for high solidification rates, thanks to mechanical stirring.
The mixture was then refluxed at a rate of +6°C min−1under mechanical stirring up to boiling point and then maintained at this temperature for about 2 h.
After manual stirring, the composite slurry was reheated and maintained at a temperature of 750°C ± 10°C, and then mechanical stirring was performed for 20 min at an average stirring rate of 300 rpm.
The composite slurry was then reheated to a fully liquid state, automatic mechanical mixing was done for 30 min at a stirring rate of 220 rpm and casting was done in a steel mould.
Fifteen milliliters of the organic phase (cyclohexane chloroform mixture, 4 1 volume ratio) containing 1 mmol of terephthaloyl dichloride was pre-emulsified into 75 ml of distilled water containing 1 wt.% of PVAl (750 mg) in a jacketed four-neck flask operated by a mechanical stirrer with a six-blade propeller at a stirring rate of 200 rpm for 5 min.
About 5 fold shorter reaction time, 6.5 fold higher energy efficiency and 4.9 fold higher reaction rate constant using hydrodynamic cavitation compared to mechanical stirring.
Then, the composite slurry was reheated to a fully liquid state, i.e. up to a temperature of 730°C ± 10°C, and then automatic mechanical mixing was carried out for about 20 min at an average stirring rate of 300 rpm.
After sufficient manual mixing, the composite slurry was reheated to fully liquid state (up to 760°C ± 10°C), and then automatic mechanical mixing was carried out for about 10 min at a normal stirring rate of 600 rpm.
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