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To this end, an adaptive output-feedback control strategy devoid of any mechanical sensor is developed (called sensorless), based on the nonlinear model of the whole controlled system and only using electrical variables measurements.
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With the proposed strategy, mechanical sensors are not needed to implement the control law.
Ferrule-top micro mechanical sensors are an alternative platform for point measurements in critical environments, where standard micro-electro-mechanical systems are prone to failure.
Other practical issues for the design of high efficient wind generation systems, like the use of a Kalman speed estimator to avoid the need of mechanical sensors, are also implemented in the prototype and discussed in the paper.
Feedback control systems using sensors and actuators such as piezoelectric sensors and actuators, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) sensors and opto-mechanical sensors, are allowing new advances in designing such high precision technologies.
A key feature of dsDNA-based mechanical force sensor is that the specific force value of each sensor is not an absolute value but presents a distribution with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 5 pN for unzipping rupture mode and 15 pN for shearing rupture mode (Lang et al., 2004).
Light guns used in electronic video games work in the opposite manner to their mechanical counterparts: the sensor is in the gun and pulling the trigger allows it to receive light from the on-screen targets.
Moreover, some patients may exhibit primarily thoracic breathing while others may exhibit predominantly abdominal breathing, thereby requiring the appropriate and accurate location of a mechanical sensor, which is not a critical factor for our approach.
This effect can be used in mechanical sensors, but is unwanted in electronic circuits stressed by packaging.
For the measurement of force inside inaccessible mechanical parts, a thin film sensor is necessary.
A sensor is "a mechanical device sensitive to light, temperature, radiation level, or the like, that transmits a signal to a measuring or control instrument" [16].
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