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Elevated concentrations of glutamate induce mechanical sensitization of masticatory muscle nociceptors through activation of peripheral NMDA receptors [15, 21].
there is a rapid rise in glutamate concentration in the masseter muscle that is associated with significant mechanical sensitization of muscle nociceptors [15].
Mechanical sensitization of masseter muscles is one of the typical symptoms of TMD and there is a well-known overlap between painful TMD and headache [42].
However, it did lead to a sustained mechanical sensitization of the masseter muscle that lasted for the duration of MSG administration.
Further, it has been shown in rats that when the concentration of interstitial Glu in the masseter muscle was increased to ~75 μM, mechanical sensitization of the muscle nociceptors was maintained until the concentration dropped below 30 μM [13].
It is likely that oral MSG consumption increases glutamate concentration in the masseter muscle of human subjects and that this underlies the mechanical sensitization of the masseter muscle seen in the present study.
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PKCε, a Ca2+-independent kinase investigated in various aspects of mechanical sensitization [39] [42], [87] [88] interacts with the C-terminus of TRPV4 in the presence as well as absence of Ca2+.
Consequently, over-expression of TRPV1 increases mechanical sensitization by decreasing pain thresholds of patients with cancer.
Injection of Glu into the masseter muscle also produces punctate mechanical sensitization which is similar, though of a lesser magnitude, to that reported by myofascial TMD patients.
As already discussed, it is possible that glutamate concentrations in the muscles of healthy individuals were not elevated sufficiently to produce measurable mechanical sensitization after a single ingestion of MSG.
Important experimental outcomes of our study were the demonstration that CGRP was able to acutely sensitize the responses of joint nociceptors to mechanical stimulation of the joint and that local blockade of the effects of CGRP completely reversed the mechanical sensitization caused by MIA injection.
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