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Finally, using CFD models, we can predict and optimize the in vivo mechanical milieu of cells seeded within scaffolds after implantation in the body.
The presence of cells along the base of the flow chamber significantly influences flow induced shear stresses that define the mechanical milieu of the cell.
Hence, the mechanical milieu of the stem cell exposed to shape changing shear stresses, induced by fluid drag, varies with respect to proximity of surrounding cells as well as with respect to apical height.
Hence, the mechanical milieu of the stem cell exposed to fluid drag induced, shape changing shear stresses, varies with respect to proximity of surrounding cells as well as with respect to apical height.
The role of seeding density and/or number and proximity of neighbors on the local mechanical milieu of the stem cell is of particular interest not only for de novo tissue engineering during development or healing of tissue defects [47], but also in the context of seeding tissue engineering scaffolds with stem cells.
Interestingly, as observed in the companion study, cell seeding density exerts a profound influence on the local mechanical milieu of cells exposed to controlled fluid drag-induced shear stresses, which appears to relate directly to the mechanoadaptation response observed after exposure to flow.
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Comparative studies using CFD have underscored the need for an understanding of the cell's mechanical milieu in three dimensions [6].
These studies demonstrate the use of microscale particle image velocimetry (μ-PIV) for in situ spatiotemporal mapping of flow fields around mesenchymal stem cells, i.e. murine embryonic multipotent cell line C3H10T1/2, at the subcellular length scale, providing a tool for real time observation and analysis of stem cell adaptation to the prevailing mechanical milieu.
This provides significant biomechanical advantage, by the addition of three-point bending forces to the complex mechanical milieu [ 29].
These studies demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, the use of μ-PIV measures to map the live stem cell's mechanical milieu, spatially, temporally and at the subcellular scale.
The rationale for performing the conversion has been that intramedullary nailing may provide a better mechanical milieu in which bone healing is enhanced, ultimately producing superior mechanical properties without the risk of pin tract infection.
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