Obesity is thought to contribute to the development and progression of OA through increased mechanical load and more recently, via hormonal and metabolic mechanisms [ 4, 5].
Assuming that this asymmetry is the result of tennis participation, it could reflect either a greater adaptation to highly asymmetrical mechanical load (even more than that observed for the arm muscles) or less likely that the rectus abdominis has a greater potential for hypertrophy than the muscles of the arm.
However, mechanical loading and, more specifically, alterations to regular loading are widely recognised to play a critical role in its onset and perpetuation (Roberts and Konow 2013).
While BMP4 and BMP7 tend to be down-regulated under loading conditions, BMP6 expression was positively affected by mechanical loading, even more so when BMP2 was present.
While the former mainly bears mechanical load, the latter is more sensitive to hormones or other biological factors that are involved in modulating bone metabolism.
We found no evidence of mechanical feedback: neither mechanical load nor loading rate detectably altered the mechanical properties of this embryonic tissue.
For a better understanding of the relation between a mechanical load and traumatic brain injury, more advanced methods have been developed in which the internal head response is considered.
Moreover, the analysis showed that the adaptive response of the tendon to intervention-induced chronic mechanical loading might be more pronounced for the material compared to morphological properties.
The present study indicates that (1) PPC permanently reduces myocardial injury, (2) abnormal mechanical loading is a more likely trigger for PPC than electrical stimulation or G-coupled receptor stimulation and (3) PPC may share downstream pathways with other modes of cardioprotection.
The previous reports of exercise induced benefits at the lumbar spine in this cohort [ 8, 9, 17] but not in the FN, is not surprising as weight-loaded skeletal regions with trabecular bone are more responsive to mechanical load than cortical regions [ 6, 8, 9, 36].
