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These results imply that although TNF plays a role in both the thermal and the mechanical hyperalgesia that accompanies inflammation, different mechanisms may be operating.
We designed experiments to test whether ASIC3 was necessary for the development of both primary and secondary mechanical hyperalgesia that develops after joint inflammation.
Furthermore, the capsaicin-insensitive A- fibers analysed were a subpopulation previously associated with the mechanical hyperalgesia that follows peripheral damage.
Capsaicin-insensitive A- fiber nociceptors are thought to mediate punctate secondary mechanical hyperalgesia, that is the mechanical sensitivity that develops around a site of injury [36].
Again, pre-treatment with the global protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin prevented the development of the secondary mechanical hyperalgesia that follows capsaicin injection (drug effect F1,10 = 7.162, P<0.05; Fig. S4B), confirming that the effect of rapamycin was due to inhibition of translation.
Interestingly, spinal activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway produces mechanical hyperalgesia that is prevented by blocking PKC, NMDA, or AMPA/kainite receptors.
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We therefore designed experiments to test the effects of rapamycin on 1) C- fiber-induced thermal hyperalgesia and c-Fos expression and 2) A- fiber-mediated mechanical secondary hyperalgesia that develops around the site of injury.
Human imaging studies have reported that activations in NCF and the rostroventral medulla are correlated during repeated noxious stimulation [14], and also that NCF may activate during punctate mechanical hyperalgesia, suggesting that it is involved in a alterations in descending pain modulation [16].
The observation that elevated NGF in the skin does not appear to provoke secondary mechanical hyperalgesia suggests that nociceptor sensitization plays a prominent role in this model (Fig. 1A).
It is clear from the time course of fast mechanical hyperalgesia (hours) that local action of NGF might regulate the steps outlined above, but the molecular details are still completely unclear.
When administered before the onset of inflammation, etanercept significantly attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia such that the withdrawal threshold increased from 12 g to 23 g at 3 days and to 39 g at 7 days (P < 0.05).
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