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Using this up-down protocol, the 50% paw withdrawal threshold can be approximated; this threshold represents the mechanical force where paw withdrawal and stimulus tolerance are equally likely.
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Whereas the total weight and dry mass significantly reduced in the trial B where mechanical force was involved, generally there was no significant difference between the static soaking and trial A where no mechanical forces were present, indicating that the hydrodynamic flow on the solid loss caused by rotating fluid at 30 rpm was not significant.
This property could be problematic for mechanosensing, where mechanical force should be constantly monitored over time.
Figure 11 shows an example where epithelial acini use mechanical force as an "attractive morphogen" to induce branch formation.
Some of the major cellular sites for solid-state signaling are "focal adhesions" where integrin receptors mediate the transfer of mechanical force between the cytoskeleton and the ECM.
The regulation of bond organization by mechanical force has been simplified by describing it either as parallel distribution of forces, where each bond aids in resisting a mechanical force, or a zipper-like distribution (Fig. 1) in which one bond after another is required to oppose detachment (Albrecht et al. 2003; Hess 2006; Isabey et al. 2013).
It is thus conceivable that inflammatory signals could shift voltage sensitivity of the PIEZO channels into a range where action potential firing in the presence of mechanical force could release many more channels for activation.
The most well-studied grain threshing trait in barley is the brittle-rachis phenotype, where the grain spikes shatter upon applying slight mechanical force.
But if mechanical force is applied to move one electrode, the change lowers the surface area where the two electrodes interact.
Thus, we favor a model where the fundamental role of ligand endocytosis is to exert mechanical force on the Notch receptor.
In response to mechanical force transmitted through integrin adhesion receptors, FLNa is recruited to integrin-mediated adhesion contacts where it has a mechanoprotective effect (Glogauer et al, 1998; D'Addario et al, 2002).
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