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Many fungal plant pathogens produce specialist structures that penetrate plant cuticles by mechanical force alone.
52 As mentioned above, mechanical force alone is not generally sufficient to induce myofibroblast differentiation and other factors are needed to act in concert, specifically TGF-β1.
Our measurements fell within this range so it seems likely that C. albicans hyphae can penetrate host cell membranes using mechanical force alone.
A similar distension of the macrophage membrane prior to its breaching by C. albicans hyphae has been observed (McKenzie et al., 2010), suggesting that mechanical force alone is operating in this context.
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Deformation and stresses are produced not by mechanical forces alone, but by temperature variation as well.
Low levels of mechanical force only weakly activated the receptors, while higher levels of force resulted in more robust activation.
Such methods require specialized equipment and a mechanical force to provide the deformation mechanism.
Since such a patterned dependence on mechanical force in the initiation of IgM-BCR does not strictly rely on integrin or adhesion molecule, we propose that IgM-BCR alone could function as a mechanosensor.
The source of this extrinsic mechanical force remains unknown.
We load DNA into the confinement from the top, without the need of any mechanical force, overcoming complex mechanical loading.
Military force alone can achieve little.
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