Besides, it was more environment-friendly without mechanical damage to the sensitive surface and easier to control the cleaning process compared with pure organic solvent cleaning.
The primary mechanism refers to the direct mechanical damage.
Only two studies were identified which evaluated surgical or mechanical interventions, which is surprising given the interest in damage control surgery [ 72] and angio-embolization [ 73].
WA, wounded area; M, middle portion of the leaf; B, basal portion of the leaf; T, unwounded tip of the leaf; HW, herbivore wounding; MD, mechanical damage; MDOS, mechanical damage plus application of Spodoptera littoralis oral secretions; Contr, control undamaged leaves; nd, not detectable.
Here we attempted to control for these factors by selecting straight trees free of mechanical damage.
No histological alterations, other than the mechanical damage caused by the probe in the dorsal spinal horn, were observed in these control animals, 24 h after the experiment (n≥3).
As a control, we performed eriochrome/cyanine staining to monitor the extent of the mechanical damage in both wild-type and atf4−/− mice, which was virtually identical, also indicating that the surgery protocol was highly reproducible.
The plants in the six remaining cages were untreated controls, i.e., they did not experience insect infestation or mechanical damage.
No evidence of mechanical damage was found in those grains that had suffered the highest wear, indicating that material removal had been controlled by tribochemical mechanisms.
