To measure water salinity level using the smartphone, two different approaches have been proposed and their sensing performances have been compared.
During in-situ measurement, water salinity was measured by refractometer (ATAGO S/Mill-E), while temperature and pH were measured by digital thermometer with stainless steel sensor probe and HANNA Microprocessor pH meter (HI, pH 211), respectively.
This isn't easy to do: it involves measuring water velocity, temperature and salinity near the glacier front to determine the patterns of mixing and flow, and then calculating melting rates.
A YSI EC300 Water Quality Sonde was used to measure water temperature and salinity on location.
A salinity/conductivity/temperature (SCT) probe measured water properties within 1 cm of the sediment surface and identified a thin, bottom salinity plume that would have gone undetected by conventional instruments.
Salinity was measured using a Con 100 temperature-compensating electrical conductivity (EC) meter (Oakton Instruments, Vernon Hills, IL, USA) to measure groundwater and river water salinity.
NOAA acknowledged that it had provided the project with 20 instrument-laden buoys that drift in the ocean for a year or more and measure water temperature, salinity and other characteristics.
Open image in new window Fig. 1 Variation of irrigation water salinity measured at different locations at the site.
The worldwide network of measuring stations that monitor temperature, water salinity, and air currents is the same kind of masterpiece of international cooperation as the retrieval of the hugely important Vostok and Dome C ice cores — with their invaluable climate data — from the Antarctic by European, Chinese, Japanese, and Russian scientists, among others.
Results of irrigation water salinity variation measured at various locations where irrigation water samples were collected are presented in Fig. 1.
